first, we review the two primary agency theories, i.e. empirical agency theory and trust-agency theory.

normally, administrators cannot impose a sanction until the respondent has been afforded notice, an opportunity for a hearing, a reasoned agency decision, and judicial review of final agency action.

除非被告得到了通知，有机会获得听证，对行政机关决定提出自己的理由，以及对最后的行政机关行动作出司法审查，行政官员不得强行实施制裁。

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the preliminary task in any attempt to obtain judicial review of an agency action in the federal system is to determine the proper court in which to seek relief.

在联邦制度里，任何想获得对行政机关行动的司法复审的尝试，其最初的任务都是决定适当的法院以寻求救济。

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as just explained, judicial review of an agency's legal rulings, such as statutory interpretations, is relatively independent.

恰如刚刚论述过的，对机关的法律决定（如对法规的解释）的司法审查是相对独立的。

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to promote these ends, the apa empowers the courts to review nearly all agency actions.

为早日实现这些目标，《行政程序法》赋予法院复审权，对几乎所有的行政机关行为进行审查。

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under foia, and in most countries, she begins by seeking an internal review within the agency.

根据《信息自由法》，并且也在多数国家，申请人首先要求得到机构内部审议。

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unlike the preceding topics examined in this chapter, the doctrine of primary jurisdiction is not a defense to judicial review of agency action.

与本章前面讨论过的题目不同、优先管辖权理论不是对机关行为司法复审的一个辩护理由。

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first, we review the agency system and elaborate our agency system and put emphasis on historical revolution, legal basis and legal nature of this system.

首先是对代理制进行了综述，详细阐述了我国的外贸代理制，其中重点回顾了我国外贸代理制的历史沿革，我国外贸代理制的法律依据和法律性质。

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the courts' review of agency action ( or inaction) furnishes an important set of controls on administrative behavior;

法院对机关行动或不行动的审查构成对行政行为的一套重要控制。

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the federal courts have sole authority to review agency rules and actions to ensure that they are legal under the substantive federal statute.

联邦法院是唯一有权去评论机构规则和行为的，以保证其遵照联邦法律的实质性。

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the embryoid induction ability of normal bolting genotypes were higher than easy bolting and hard bolting genotypes .

较易抽薹型材料的产胚能力大于易抽薹型和不易抽薹型。

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the second part introduces the development trends of enlarging administrative litigation plaintiff qualification and related systems of protecting environmental public interest in some foreign countries, and sum up the mode of environmental administrative public interest litigation and the enlightenment to our country.

第二部分介绍了国外一些国家的行政诉讼原告资格不断放宽的发展趋势，和保护环境公益的相关制度发展，总结了其环境公益诉讼的模式，及其对我国的启示。

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this article embarks from the foreign administrative law and administrative law, introduced and compared the emergence and development of administrative public interest litigation in the united states, at the same time introduce japan, france, germany, the administrative public welfare lawsuit system.

本文从外国行政法和比较行政法出发，着重介绍和比较美国行政公益诉讼的产生和发展，同时简单介绍日本、法国、德国的行政公益诉讼制度。

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different to private interest-oriented civil litigation and administrative litigation, the public interest litigation highlights the protections of public interest, which provides a high consistency between public interest litigation and macroeconomic regulation litigation and meets the need of requirements of actionability.

和传统民事、行政诉讼以私益为导向不同，公益诉讼突出强调了对公益的保护，因而和宏观调控纠纷诉讼具有高度契合性，从而最有可能担当这类纠纷的司法诉求。

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the second studies the theoretical basis of administrative environmental public interest litigation system, and the perfect specific regulations effects of developed countries such as united states, britain, germany, and their inspiration to china.

第二部分研究了环境行政公益诉讼制度的理论基础，并考察了美国、英国、德国等对此制度发展比较完善的国家具体的制度规定及对我国的启示。

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then the author proposes some innovative institutional designs including administrative public interest litigation, the design of compere of administrative public hearing and the checkup of contents of abstract authorization files.

进一步提出可行的创新性制度设计，包括提起行政公益诉讼，担任行政听证主持人，审阅抽象行政法规文件提出意见等。

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as a new litigation system that suits the needs of public interest protection and the right standard from personal to social, the research about administrative public interest litigation becomes very important day by day.

行政公益诉讼作为适应现代社会保护公共利益之需要而产生的一项新型诉讼制度，随着权利由个人本位向社会本位的转变，行政公益诉讼问题的系统研究将日臻重要。

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administrative public interest litigation will help to protect public interest by breaking up the traditions where the public interest litigation can only be brought up by the privies.

行政公诉能够弥补传统行政诉讼仅仅由利害关系人发动的局限，从而更有利于公共利益的维护；

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in united states and britain, typical representatives of common law countries, cases played an important role in the process of constructing the system of administrative public interest litigation.

英美法系国家的典型代表美国和英国在行政公益诉讼制度构建过程中判例都发挥重要作用。

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administrative public interest litigation system have basically been established and the practice of protecting the interests of the public has played an active role in the more developed countries.

行政公益诉讼制度在行政法较为发达的国家已基本得到确立，并且在实践中对公共利益的保护发挥了积极的作用。

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the first part introduces the origins of environmental public interest litigation and the meaning and characteristics of environmental administrative public interest litigation.

第一部分介绍了环境公益诉讼的起源及环境行政公益诉讼的含义及特点。

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