viscous drag

Based on energy equation, it is proposed that thermal drag in non-viscous horizontal duct should be equal to total pressure loss of air flow passing through heating zone, and not equal to static pressure loss.

根据能量方程提出水平无粘管流的热阻力应等于气流经过加热区的全压力降，而非静压力降；

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This overstress phenomenon is related to stress hysteresis of debris flow which consists of shear sparsity at beginning of deformation from viscous drag and internal friction from mutual extrusion of granulae with different sizes.

这种应力过冲特征，与由粘性介质阻力形变初期的剪切稀化和高浓度粗细颗粒相互挤压的内摩擦力共同组成的泥石流体的应力滞后特性（抗剪强度）有关。

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The present results clearly indicate that the valleys are able to increase the viscous sublayer thickness which implies a drag reduction.

实验中发现：沟槽能够增加粘性底层的厚度，减小壁面剪切力，有减阻效应。

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It can be used to give viscous drag that can not be got from WTE directly, and it can be used to validate viscous drag of CFD, which is hard to be calculated accuracy too.

该方法配合使用风洞试验和计算流体的结果，可以用来验证计算流体中难以计算准确的粘性阻力，也可以用来分析在风洞试验难以直接得到的粘性阻力。

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