Control of Single Pipe Cross-over Heating System with Heat Metering

In cross-over design method the clinical research was divided into two stages(ⅰ、ⅱ).

遵循随机、重复、对照的实验三原则，采用二阶段交叉设计方法，将临床研究分Ⅰ、Ⅱ两个试验阶段（各一天）。

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The cost that he incurs in this decision, then, is only ex ante; as soon as his decision is made and the choice is exercised and his resource committed, the cost disappears.

那么，由他的决定所引起的成本只出现在事前；一旦他作出决定，并投入资源行动起来，成本就消失了，成为历史成本，永远地消失了。

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Theoretically, ex ante moral hazard is not unambiguously predicted, and there is also very limited empirical evidence about dynamic moral hazard effect ( choice biased in favor of new, usually more expensive medical technology).

健康保险和病假工资产生消费者激励，引发了三种类型的道德风险：理论上看事先道德风险不易预测，关于动态道德风险的实证文献也很有限。

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A large literature on ex ante moral hazard in income insurance emphasizes that the individual can affect the probability of an income loss by choice of lifestyle and hence, the degree of risk-taking.

目前大部分有关创业投资的研究多针对创业者的道德危险提出解决方式，却忽略了创投公司可能的投机行为。

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Modern enterprise theories make incomplete contract and asymmetric information between principal and agent as one of the basic hypothesizes. Agency problems caused by ex ante incomplete contract and ex post asymmetric information exist generally.

现代企业理论的研究和发展把委托人和代理人之间的契约不完全和信息不对称作为其基本假设之一，事前的契约不完全以及事后代理双方的信息不对称使得代理问题在企业里普遍存在。

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The theory of investment bank reputation considers that a prestigious investment banker can reduce the ex ante uncertainty and lower the degree of IPOs underpricing more effectively than a common investment banker.

国外的大量实证研究验证了投资银行声誉理论，即知名的投资投行能够有效降低IPO发行的信息不对称，承销的IPO发行抑价低于普通投资行承销的IPO。

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On the other hand, the presence of an imperfectly informed LOLR is conductive to the moral hazard problem, So it is ex ante inefficiency.

另一方面，拥有不完全信息的LOLR容易引发道德风险问题，从而是事前无效率的。

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On inventory pledge loan, creditor can screen on borrowers with asymmetric information of ex ante default possibility, when taking into account borrowers'signaling action by acquiring a credit score.

研究存货质押贷款中，当信贷人对借款人质押前违约概率信息不对称时，考虑借款人信号发送行为时对借款人的甄别。

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There is not only ex ante nonsymmetric information, but also ex post nonsymmetric information between the commercial banks and the borrowers, and then lead to produce the credit risk.

在商业银行与借款者之间，既存在事前非对称信息，又存在事后非对称信息，使之产生信贷风险。

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Pate two starts from incomplete contract theory and the relationship of credit risk and loan contract, it points out the integration of credit risk and ex ante credit risk control-loan contract.

本文的第三章，从不完备契约理论以及信贷风险和借贷契约的关系入手建立了分析问题的理论平台，指出信贷风险和信贷风险事前控制的结合点&借贷契约。

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The ex ante analysis of perfect information acquiring in decision making under uncertainty is discussed mainly. The concept of the perfect information of single state acquiring is introduced and an example is given.

然后主要针对不确定性决策完全信息获得的事前分析进行了讨论，给出了单状态完全信息获得的概念和一个实际分析例子；

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From the perspective of ex ante incentive, it carefully analyses all kinds of firm financing, then induces that the diversity is an optimal financing mechanism. 4.

从事前激励的角度，本文仔细地分析了企业的各种融资方式，并诱导出了多样性是一种最优的融资机制。

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Ex ante funding refers to the accumulation of a reserve or a fund upon which the deposit insurer can draw in the event of a bank failure.

事前资金投入指的是一种储备的积累或是一笔可以在银行倒闭情况下能够提取的资金。

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In the supply chain, the problems in agency mainly involve the adverse selection caused by ex ante information asymmetry and moral hazard caused by ex post information asymmetry.

供应链中的委托代理问题主要包括由事前信息不对称引起的逆向选择问题和由事后信息不对称引起的道德风险问题。

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The ex ante perspective in legal theory is loosely connected with consequentialist ( or utilitarian or welfarist) approaches to moral theory.

法律理论中的事后的视角与道德理论中的结果论（者说是功利主义、利主义）在一定松散的关联。

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Put another way, diversification can be expected to reduce the variability of returns, or, in ex ante terms, the overall dispersion of possible outcomes.

换言之，多样化将降低回报的可变性，或者说降低可能结果的整体差量。

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For an individual's cost is subjective and ephemeral; it appears only ex ante, at the moment before the individual makes a decision.

一个人的成本是主观的，转瞬即逝。它只出现在事前，即在人作出决定之前。

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Interest and principal payments ( usually certain ex ante) may be higher than the investment returns ( which are uncertain ex ante).

利息和本金（事先确定好的）可能高于投资回报（通常事先并不确定）。

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The finding shows that high-growth firms control underinvestment incentives by reducing leverage but not by shortening debt maturity ex ante.

研究发现高成长性的公司通过前期减少负债而不是缩短债务期限来控制投资不足动机。

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Ex ante funding requires the accumulation and maintenance of a fund to cover deposit insurance claims and related expenses prior to a bank failure.

事前资金投入要求资金积累与维持可以覆盖存款保险要求和银行倒闭前的相关支出。

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