In the measurement process the AFM feedback controller make the scanner move the sample along z-axis and keep the vdW force between the tip and sample surface constant.

Before the indenter tip touched the surface of the sample, the displacement value measured by a capacitive displacement sensor was the output of the loading mechanism without load.

在压头尖与试样表面接触前，由电容测微仪测得的位移值是加载装置空载下的输出值；

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When the operating force of interaction between AFM tip and the surface of liposome are beyond critical values, the liposomes rupture into bilayers.

当AFM的探针与脂质体表面相互作用力超过某临界值时，脂质体胞囊破裂，变成脂双层结构。

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Under offset load, the stresses around the crack tip and the surface deflection in the pavement with cracks have a great increase compared with that without cracks.

在偏荷载作用下，含表面裂缝的路面结构裂缝尖端的应力以及路表弯沉较无裂缝结构有很大的增长。

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The basic theories which include atomic forces between probe tip and sample surface and deformation of cantilever and so on are introduced; The design theory of AFM.

论文介绍了同AFM相关的基础理论，主要包括扫描探针与样品间原子力作用机理、微悬臂在原子力作用下的形变位移及其检测等；

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To prevent contamination of the ear drops, do not touch the applicator tip to any surface ( including the ear).

为防耳药污染，切勿将滴耳器头端触碰任何物体表面（包括耳朵）。

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Investigation of loaded crack tip on mica surface by atomic force microscopy

云母表面加载裂纹尖端的AFM研究

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After a number of same impacts, the length and the distance of crack tip to surface in ( 1.45% wt) Si steel are longer than those in 0.34% wt Si steel.

经相同冲击次数后，含145%Si钢的亚表面疲劳裂纹长度及裂纹尖端距表面深度均比含034%Si的钢长。

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In this paper, interaction between the tip and surface of the sample, including physical, geometrical, chemical processes, has been discussed.

探针对表面物理信息的检测是一个针尖与试样表面相互作用的过程，包含物理、几何关系，还包含表面微观化学作用及其它微观因素的影响。

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Study on a Damaging Phenomenon of AFM Tip on Surface of Collagen Layer

AFM针尖对胶原样品表面一种损伤现象的研究

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In this paper, the mathematical model for steady heat conduction of a circular shell casing is worked out and solved to obtain the formulae for its temperature distribution and fin efficiency at the tip surface and lateral surface. The dimensionless curves are also plotted for engineering calculation.

拟定薄壳圆套管稳态导热的数学模型，求解得出其端面和侧面的温度分布及肋效率计算公式，并绘制了无量纲曲线，供工程计算用。

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The results show that electrode degradation mechanism was basically caused by wear due to fracture of local welding between the electrode tip surface and zinc coated sheet steel happen at electrode surface and alloying between electrode and zinc on zinc coated steel during resistance spot welding zinc coated steel.

结果表明：点焊镀锌钢板时电极的失效机制主要是电极和镀锌板之间局部焊接的断裂发生在电极表面而导致的电极磨损以及电极和镀锌板表面的锌之间的合金化。

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The electric field intensity distribution over the tip surface was established through calculation with appropriate voltage boundary condition applied, and it was found that the electric field intensity was the strongest at the apex of the tip, and the field emission current was also the strongest there.

对模型的表面施加电压边界条件，计算得到尖锥表面电场强度分布，电场强度在尖锥顶点最强，场发射电流在此处也最强。

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The results show that during welding process the contact radius increases gradually, the highest temperature is always located at the center of the electrode tip surface, while the electrode stress and current density both concentrate at the edge of contact region.

结果表明：所考察的焊接条件下，接触半径在焊接过程中逐渐增大，电极端面的中部温度最高，而电极压力和电流密度均在接触区边缘集中。

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According to the analysis on the carbon imprints of electrode tips, three parameters were defined to represent the tip surface characteristics: relative radius ( Rr), edge concentration ( EC) and eccentricity ( ECC).

基于对电极压印的分析，定义了3种电极头表面特征参数：相对半径（Rr）、边缘聚集度（EC）和偏心度（ECC）。

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The field emission current density distribution over the tip surface was established using Fowler-Nordheim function, and the emission current over the single tip established by integrating the current density all over the single tip surface was 7 μ A.

由Fowler Nordheim函数可得到尖锥表面的场致发射电流密度分布，对整个尖锥表面进行积分后得到了单个尖锥的场致发射电流约为7μA。

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The effect of TiC coating in electrode tip surface on spheriform electrode degradation during resistance spot welding zinc coated steel was investigated by SEM, EDX and XRD.

利用SEM、EDX和XRD等方法分析了在点焊镀锌钢板时球形电极表面熔敷TiC涂层对电极失效的影响。

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When the tip surface energy was kept unchanged, the minute change in the surface energy of the GeSb_2Te_4 film would cause a significant change in the adhesive force.

当针尖表面能一定时，粘附力的微小变化可以导致GeSb2Te4薄膜的表面能产生较明显变化；

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In the present paper, by using silicon rubber made in China, the successful measurement results of displacement fields in crack tip surface are concisely introduced.

本文简要介绍作者们利用国产硅橡胶材料测定裂纹尖端表面位移场的研究成果。

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The Study of Deposition of TiC on the Electrode Tip Surface of Resistance Spot Welding by Vibrating Electric Sparking

点焊电极表面振动电火花熔敷TiC的研究

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The remained contact area in the center of the tip surface help to maintain satisfactory weld quality.

电极头中部残存接触区的存在有助于维持较好的焊接质量。

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