sovereign risk

When trading desks see prices on long-term contracts with sovereigns start to fluctuate, they begin demanding traders take out sovereign credit default swaps, to hedge or lay off that risk.

当交易部门发现与主权国家的长期合约价格开始波动时，就会要求交易员进行信用违约互换，以对冲或者消除这种风险。

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This liquidity problem is compounded by worries about the default risk of some euro-area sovereign bonds, says Stephen Jen, a currency analyst at Morgan Stanley.

对欧元区某些公债的违约风险之担心更使这一流动性问题雪上加霜–大摩的货币分析师Stephen Jen如是说。

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But markets of late have been characterised by mass selling alternating with waves of buying, as investors upgrade or downgrade the risk of the US slipping into recession, or a financial crisis sparked by a European sovereign default.

但近来，随着投资者上调或下调美国经济陷入衰退、或欧洲主权违约引发金融危机的风险，市场上出现了群起抛售和竞相买进轮流转换的态势。

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With Greece in crisis and the markets jittery about other EU nations, the EBA is keen to address the possibility of sovereign risk, though it does not officially acknowledge that a country could default.

尽管EBA没有正式承认有哪个国家可能违约，但考虑到希腊身陷危机、市场对其它欧盟国家（可能发生危机）感到担心，EBA现在急于对可能发生的主权债务违约做出应对。

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When regulators drew up the Basel I capital adequacy framework in the 1980s, for example, they gave Western sovereign bonds a "zero risk" weighting, in terms of how capital is calculated.

举例来说，监管机构上世纪80年代制定《巴塞尔协议i》（basel i）资本充足率框架时，就在资本金的计算方面赋予西方主权债券“零风险”权重。

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Control Risks a risk consultancy has seen a big increase in mandates from insurance companies and other financial institutions seeking to understand the part politics plays in sovereign default risk.

风险咨询公司Control Risks近期来自保险公司及其它金融机构的委托大增，对方都希望了解政治在主权违约风险中扮演的角色。

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Going abroad: how to deal with sovereign risk

走出去企业如何应对国家风险

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Markets reacted badly, unhappy at the convergence of sovereign and banking debt risk and a lack of clarity about bailout terms.

市场反应消极，对主权及银行债务风险的融合以及纾困条款不清晰感到不满。

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This was subsequently modified in Basel II, to give banks some theoretical discretion to raise reserves against sovereign risk.

后来的《巴塞尔协议ii》（basel ii）对这一点进行了修改，理论上授予银行一定的自由裁量权来增加针对主权风险的准备金。

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And the European experience has already taught both parties what even a small dose of sovereign risk can do to credit and equity markets& especially to counties with heavy foreign debt.

而欧洲的经历早已使美国两党明白，即便是“小剂量”的主权风险也会对信贷市场及证券市场造成严重的影响&尤其是对于负有沉重外债的国家而言。

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Sovereign strains in Europe have become an increasing concern, potentially impacting the United States through financial markets and, in a tail risk scenario, trade links, the fund said.

IMF表示：欧洲主权压力已成为一个越来越严重的问题，可能会通过金融市场以及（在尾部风险假设中）贸易关系影响美国。

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