Results The incidence of nosocomial urinary tract infection was 8.37% in patients with PM and DM. The main pathogens were Gram-negative bacilli ( 76.19%).

Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis cells after treatment with silver ions were imaged in ambient air with a tapping mode AFM.

利用AFM大气氛中轻敲模式对银离子作用革兰氏阴性菌大肠杆菌和革兰氏阳性菌表皮葡萄球菌进行了表征。

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In human, Gram-negative bacterial infections are recognized as the cause of preterm delivery and intrauterine fetal death ( IUFD).

革兰氏阴性菌感染是导致孕妇早产和胎儿宫内死亡（intrauterine fetal death，IUFD）的重要原因之一。

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Chloramphenicol ( CAP) is the first artificial broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

氯霉素（Chloramphenicol，CAP）是第一个人工合成的广谱抗生素，对革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌均有抑制作用。

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In recent years, the relationship among atherosclerosis, Gram-negative bacteria and lipopolysaccharide has become a research hotspot.

近年来，革兰氏阴性菌感染与革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁重要成分脂多糖（LPS）与AS的关系成为研究的热点。

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Lipopolysaccharide is produced by gram-negative bacteria, which can lead to kidney injury directly or indirectly.

内毒素脂多糖（LPS）是由革兰氏阴性菌所产生，可直接或间接导致肾脏的损伤。

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Conclusions: There was a typical as well as special structure existed in Pm.

结论：Pm具有典型的革兰氏阴性菌结构，又含有其独特的外膜成份。

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There are evidences that several Gram-negative bacterial strains use their core LPS to interact with C-type lectin receptor.

由于近来发现的C型凝集素受体与某些革兰氏阴性菌的核心脂多糖（核心LPS）有作用。

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Conclusion VAP is caused predominantly by gram-negative bacteria, and appear multiple antibiotic pathogens.

结论VAP的病原菌以革兰氏阴性菌为主，且致病菌出现多重耐药性。

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Outer membrane proteins ( Omps) are the whole proteins in the Outer membrane, one of specific structure in Gram-negative bacteria.

外膜（Outer membrane）是革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁中的特有结构，位于外膜上的蛋白总称为外膜蛋白（outer membrane proteins，Omps）。

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When this falls below a certain level, treatment switches to second-line ARVs.

当它低于某一水平的时候，治疗就转而采用二线抗逆转录病毒药物。

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Take the example of antiretrovirals for HIV.

以治疗艾滋病的抗逆转录病毒药物为例。

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These plans are a first step toward rapidly scaling up ART access.

这些计划是实现迅速扩大抗逆转录病毒药物获得的第一步。

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Antiretroviral drugs are used in the treatment and prevention of HIV infection.

抗逆转录病毒药物用于治疗和预防艾滋病毒感染。

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She was one of the fortunate ones-she had access to antiretrovirals.

她是幸运者中的一员-她能获得抗逆转录病毒药物。

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Analysis of the Efficacy of Highly Active Antiretroviral Use of Local Drug

国产仿制抗逆转录病毒药物疗效分析

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For example, WHO does not purchase or distribute antiretroviral medicines.

例如，世界卫生组织不采购或分销抗逆转录病毒药物。

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Issuing new guidelines for the treatment and prevention of H.I.V., the agency called on the rest of the world to do much of what San Francisco is already doing: Every H.I.V. patient should start antiretroviral drugs as soon as they test positive rather than waiting for measures of immune system strength to drop, the agency said,

该机构印发了新的H.I.V.防治指南，呼吁世界其他地区以旧金山为榜样：一旦H.I.V.检测呈阳性，患者就应该尽快开始服用抗逆转录病毒药物，而不是等到免疫系统功能指标衰退后再治疗；

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The Population Council will commence phase I safety trials of a new microbicide, PC-815 which comprises Carraguard and an antiretroviral drug called MIV-150 this year.

今年人口理事会将针对一种新的杀微生物剂PC-815进行I期安全性试验，它含有Carraguard和一种称为MIV-150的抗逆转录病毒药物。

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Most children they studied were not on AIDS treatment, says Zar, explaining that the team are still waiting for results of an ongoing study in children on ARVs.

Zar说，他们研究的大多数儿童没有接受艾滋病治疗。她解释说，研究组还在等待一项关于服用抗逆转录病毒药物儿童的实验的结果。

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CSIR researchers are also working on nanoencapsulating antiretrovirals and antimalarials, as well as second-line TB drugs used for resistant cases where the first-line drugs don't work.

CSIR的科研人员还在研究纳米颗粒包裹的抗逆转录病毒药物、抗疟疾药物以及二线结核病药物，这些药物用于一线药物不起作用的耐药病例。

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