Conclusion VAP is caused predominantly by gram-negative bacteria, and appear multiple antibiotic pathogens.

Outer membrane proteins ( Omps) are the whole proteins in the Outer membrane, one of specific structure in Gram-negative bacteria.

外膜（Outer membrane）是革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁中的特有结构，位于外膜上的蛋白总称为外膜蛋白（outer membrane proteins，Omps）。

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When this falls below a certain level, treatment switches to second-line ARVs.

当它低于某一水平的时候，治疗就转而采用二线抗逆转录病毒药物。

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Take the example of antiretrovirals for HIV.

以治疗艾滋病的抗逆转录病毒药物为例。

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These plans are a first step toward rapidly scaling up ART access.

这些计划是实现迅速扩大抗逆转录病毒药物获得的第一步。

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Antiretroviral drugs are used in the treatment and prevention of HIV infection.

抗逆转录病毒药物用于治疗和预防艾滋病毒感染。

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She was one of the fortunate ones-she had access to antiretrovirals.

她是幸运者中的一员-她能获得抗逆转录病毒药物。

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Analysis of the Efficacy of Highly Active Antiretroviral Use of Local Drug

国产仿制抗逆转录病毒药物疗效分析

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For example, WHO does not purchase or distribute antiretroviral medicines.

例如，世界卫生组织不采购或分销抗逆转录病毒药物。

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Issuing new guidelines for the treatment and prevention of H.I.V., the agency called on the rest of the world to do much of what San Francisco is already doing: Every H.I.V. patient should start antiretroviral drugs as soon as they test positive rather than waiting for measures of immune system strength to drop, the agency said,

该机构印发了新的H.I.V.防治指南，呼吁世界其他地区以旧金山为榜样：一旦H.I.V.检测呈阳性，患者就应该尽快开始服用抗逆转录病毒药物，而不是等到免疫系统功能指标衰退后再治疗；

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The Population Council will commence phase I safety trials of a new microbicide, PC-815 which comprises Carraguard and an antiretroviral drug called MIV-150 this year.

今年人口理事会将针对一种新的杀微生物剂PC-815进行I期安全性试验，它含有Carraguard和一种称为MIV-150的抗逆转录病毒药物。

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Most children they studied were not on AIDS treatment, says Zar, explaining that the team are still waiting for results of an ongoing study in children on ARVs.

Zar说，他们研究的大多数儿童没有接受艾滋病治疗。她解释说，研究组还在等待一项关于服用抗逆转录病毒药物儿童的实验的结果。

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CSIR researchers are also working on nanoencapsulating antiretrovirals and antimalarials, as well as second-line TB drugs used for resistant cases where the first-line drugs don't work.

CSIR的科研人员还在研究纳米颗粒包裹的抗逆转录病毒药物、抗疟疾药物以及二线结核病药物，这些药物用于一线药物不起作用的耐药病例。

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A trial is planned for next year for another method: a vaginal ring containing the antiretroviral drug dapivirine.

计划在明年进行另一种方法的试验，这是一种含有抗逆转录病毒药物dapivirine的阴道环。

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In 2010, it adopted "test-and-treat"-antiretroviral drugs given as soon as a patient tested positive.

2010年，该市推行了“检测即治疗（test-and-treat）”策略，只要患者的检测呈阳性即尽快给予抗逆转录病毒药物治疗。

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Cates wrote that the next frontier for HIV-prevention research is the evaluation of antiretroviral drugs to prevent HIV.

Cates写道，艾滋病预防研究的下一个前沿将是对用抗逆转录病毒药物预防艾滋病病毒进行评估。

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People with H.I.V. should be put on antiretroviral drugs as soon as they learn they are infected, federal health officials said Wednesday as they announced that they were halting the largest ever clinical trial of early treatment because its benefits were already so clear.

联邦卫生官员周三表示，艾滋病毒（HIV）携带者在得知自己被感染后，应尽快服用抗逆转录病毒药物。他们同时宣布，将很快结束一项迄今为止规模最大的艾滋病早期治疗临床试验，因为该疗法的益处已经十分明显。

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Moreover, UNITAID has committed a total of US$ 45 million for second-line antiretroviral drugs to fund the treatment of65000 patients by2008.

此外，UNITAID已为二线抗逆转录病毒药物总共拨出4500万美元，要在2008年以前资助65000名患者的治疗。

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Also in recent years, studies have shown that giving antiretroviral drugs to HIV negative people can protect them from becoming infected. And there's been progress in vaccine research, although an effective vaccine is still considered years away.

最近几年的研究表明，让HIV检测呈阴性的人使用抗逆转录病毒药物可以使他们免受感染。

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They found that monitoring adherence was more accurate than monitoring changes in CD4 levels to determine whether a patient's treatment had failed in the first year after starting ARVs.

他们发现监测坚持治疗能比监测CD4水平变化更准确地确定一位患者是否会在开始服用抗逆转录病毒药物的头一年内出现治疗失败。

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Gel, containing the antiretroviral agent tenofovir, passed phase III clinical trials in June, and the success was announced at the XVIII International AIDS Conference in Vienna in July.

这种杀微生物剂凝胶含有抗逆转录病毒药物替诺福韦，它在今年6月通过了III期临床试验，而且在7月于维也纳举行的第18届国际艾滋病大会上宣布了这一成功。

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