this dissertation is about using dna origami to organize matter at the nanoscale. there are several approaches that are used to organize matter at this scale. these organizational methods are mainly classified into two groups: top down and bottom up approaches.

the dna origami technology was employed in the construction of this shape, which has proved the capability of constructing almost any complicated nanoscale shape enabled by dna origami, and provided novel bottom-up approach for constructing nanostructures.

该图形采用了基于DNA折纸术的构造原理，并进一步证明了DNA折纸术具有构造几乎任何复杂二维纳米级图形的能力，为基于自下而上方法的纳米构造技术提供了新方法。

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we have used the dna origami approach to engineer staple strands at selected sites for attachment of gold nanoparticles. the covalent attachment of thiol-modified dna oligomers was used to functionalize gold nanoparticles.

我们使用DNA折纸术的方法在特定的位置设计一些订书钉链作为金纳米粒子的连接位点，并且将修饰巯基的DNA引物通过共价键与金纳米粒子连接。

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then, a subsequential study was carried out as an application of dna origami: molecular electronic circuit constructed by dna origami combining with dna metallization.

接着，本文就DNA折纸术的一个发展方向进行了更深入的研究：和DNA金属化相结合构造分子电子器件。

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self-assembled dna computing model is combined with dna computing, tiling theory and dna nanotechnology, thus become one of the most concerned model.

自组装DNA计算模型组合了DNA计算、Tiling理论和DNA纳米技术，成为目前备受关注的模型之一。

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dna self-assembly, widely developed in the fields of dna computing and nanotechnology, is related to the development of dna computer.

近年来，DNA自组装成为DNA计算及纳米材料科学等领域研究的热点，它关系着DNA计算机的发展。

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obviously, dna is useful in nanotechnology for the design of the electric circuits, which can help to overcome the limitations that the classical silicon-based electronics face in the coming years.

可见，DNA对于纳米技术上的电路设计是非常有用的，有助于克服经典的硅基电子学在未来年代里所面临的极限。

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the system for raising initial situation of battle based on component

基于组件的作战初始态势生成系统研究

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what was the initial situation you walked into?

你接手时的最初环境是什么样的？

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the initial situation generating system in the war-gaming provides a visual environment of the initial situation for the war-gaming.

作战模拟初始态势生成系统为作战模拟时建立初始态势提供了一个可视化环境。

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with the development of the next-generation sequencing technology, whole genome and exome sequencing developed rapidly and provide an opportunity for us to deal with the problem caused by gwas.

而新一代测序技术的进步，促进了全基因组测序和全基因组外显子测序的快速发展，为解决上述问题提供了契机。

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whole microbial genome shotgun sequencing

微生物全基因组鸟枪法测序

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the whole genome dna sequencing is basic to the study of bioinformatics and in the commonly used shotgun method the reconstruction of the original sequence by the information of all the fragments is one of the important steps.

全基因组DNA序列测定是生物信息学研究的基础，在普遍使用的Shotgun方法中，其中一个重要的步骤就是根据片段信息来重构原始序列。

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the accomplishment of the whole rice genome sequencing project was a very important milestone in the history of rice gene and genomics studies.

水稻全基因组测序工作的完成是水稻基因和基因组研究史上的一个重要里程碑。

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arabidopsis has good characteristics of small genome, simple structure, small plant, short life period, high propagating rate, self-pollinating etc. and the whole genome sequencing has been completed in december 2000. so it is the model plant for studying plant and pathogen interaction.

拟南芥具有基因组小、结构简单、形体小、生长周期短、繁殖系数高、自花授粉等优点，且其基因组全序列测定工作已于2000年12月完成。

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as one of the most important alimentary crops, rice has a small genome and is easy to do gene transform. in addition, its whole genome sequencing was completed. therefore, as a model monocot, rice is an ideal experimental material.

另一方面，作为最重要的粮食作物之一，水稻具有基因组小，易于进行转基因操作等优点，并且已经完成了全基因测序，因此，水稻作为单子叶模式植物，为我们提供了理想的实验材料。

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while in china, researches about cyanophage diversity were focused on cyanophage isolations, whole genome sequencing and so on in the freshwater, no information about the genetic diversity of marine cyanophages has been reported.

在我国噬藻体的研究主要集中在淡水噬藻体的分离、全基因组的测序等方面，未有对海洋噬藻体多样性方面的研究报道。

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recent developments in analytical methods for protein characterization, and the growing rate at which whole genome sequencing projects are being completed, have combined to support the emergence and development of the new field of 'proteomics'.

蛋白质鉴定技术的发展与基因组测序计划的实施与相继完成，使得蛋白质组学这一全新的研究领域得以诞生和发展。

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because of its large genome and polyploidy, it is difficult to complete the whole genome sequencing and sequence assembly.

但由于其基因组较大、多倍性等原因，全基因组的测序及拼接工作难度较大。

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the use of full-length cdna libraries is an effective tool to obtain complete gene information in a high-efficiency, high-throughput manner, especially in organisms with huge genomes that are not amenable to whole genome sequencing.

全长cDNA文库是高效、大规模获得基因全序列信息的一条有效途径，尤其是对基因组庞大、近期内尚不能进行全基因组测序的生物来说，是一条开展功能基因组研究的重要途径。

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two strategies introduced for whole genome sequencing, one is clone by clone method, the other is whole genome shotgun sequencing, for microbes which are very important to us, whole genome shotgun sequencing method is very convenient.

全基因组测序主要有二种策略，一种是分级鸟枪法测序，另一种是全基因组鸟枪法测序。

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