test method for determination of the spectral mismatch parameter between a photovoltaic device and a photovoltaic reference cell

the present invention discloses a photovoltaic device having conductive path in active optical absorption layer.

本发明公开了一种在活跃光吸收层有导电通路的光伏器件。

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according to photovoltaic principle of semiconductor, a required resistor layer is prepared on a semiconductor photovoltaic device.

本发明根据半导体光生伏打原理，并在半导体光伏器件上制备所需之电阻层。

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a photovoltaic device includes an electron accepting material and an electron donating material.

光伏器件包括受电子材料和给电子材料。

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thirdly, starting in the general design model of measuring and controlling system, this paper has put forward the collectivity design of the computer measuring system of the test-bed and done something to strengthen the anti-jamming ability of the system.

从测控系统设计的一般模式出发，对试验台的计算机测试系统进行了总体设计，对硬件进行选型，并从硬件方面采取了多项措施来增强系统的抗干扰能力。

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firstly, according to purpose of designing and making mechatronics coupling experiment bench, demonstrate project of experiment bench, establish mathematics model of experiment bench, which consist of mechanism transmission systems servo amplifier and servo motor.

首先，从研制机电参数耦合实验台的目的出发，论证实验台的设计方案，建立实验台的数学模型，包括机械传动系统、伺服放大器和伺服电机。

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a calculation of optimal design for the structure of tensile test device has been made, for the purpose of increasing the preciseness of the tensile test.

本文从提高带材张力测试精度出发，对两台单机座冷轧机的张力测量装置的结构参数进行优化设计计算。

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on my tour there, several gazers took along pisco sours from the bar to the fireside orientation involving charts and diagrams before navigating paths to the observatory marked in dim red to minimize light pollution.

我在那里旅行期间，几个观星者在出发去望台之前，带着酒吧里的皮斯科白兰地，在火炉边听包括许多图标和图表的指导性介绍。为了使灯光污染降到最小，望台只有微弱的红光加以标示。

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the paper starts from the development trend of power supply enterprise marketing modern management to the importance and function demand of gis visual application system.

从供电企业营销现代化管理的发展趋势出发，阐述台区GIS可视化应用系统建设的必要性和功能需求。

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block start techniques of competitive swimming

竞技游泳的出发台出发技术分析

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in this note the relation between ibm-ⅰ and ibm-ⅱ is briefly discussed from the f-spin symmetry.

本文首先从F旋对称性出发，简单地回顾和讨论了IBM-Ⅰ和IBM-Ⅱ的关系，然后讨论F旋的破缺。

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he said, "we are never cease from striving, and the end of all of our striving will be to arrive where we began and to know the place for the first time."

他说：“我们将永不放弃奋斗，经过全力以赴的奋斗后，我们将到达出发之地，并重新认识这个地方。”

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in this paper, a structural damping force model is generalized and represented as a solid damping theory& the frequency dependant viscous damping theory, and from this the complex damping theory is established rationally;

本文对一个结构阻尼力模型进行概括，将其表述为一个固体阻尼理论：频率相关粘性阻尼理论，并由此出发合理地建立了复阻尼理论；

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if we want to win new victories continuously, we must insist on using fundamental tenets of marxism-leninism to guide practice, solve problems and make the deeds match the words.

要使我们的事业不断取得新的胜利，就要坚持用马列主义的基本原理指导实践，从实际出发创造性地解决问题，做到言与行的统一。

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most of them have made their contributions to the research on the translation of legal documents from the point of view of vocabulary, sentence structure and grammar.

其中大部分从词、句子和语法的角度出发详细地探讨了法律文献的翻译。

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based on the continuous and stable running feature of pscada system, we should follow the profession characteristic and the practical demand to optimize the technology schemes progressively.

PSCADA系统必须连续稳定运行这一特点，要求我们在优化其技术方案过程中，遵循行业特点，从实际需求出发循序渐进地稳步推进。

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due to lack of effective theories and methods to deal with non-perturbative qcd effects, at present stage it is impossible to calculate hadronic transition matrix elements based on any well-established fundamental principles.

由于对非微扰QCD效应缺少有效理论和方法来处理，目前还不能从基本理论出发可靠地计算强子矩阵元。

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the paper describes, from the point of geometry view, the principles and methods of realizing wavelets-based multiresolution representation of uniform cubic b-spline curves and surfaces.

本文试图从几何概念出发由浅入深地论述基于小波的均匀三次B样条曲线曲面多分辨表示的原理及其实现。

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in the first process, these laborers with a larger stock of human capital would be prepared to migrate to their destination even without any assistance because they have higher expectations for their incomes;

在第一个过程中，出发地那些人力资本水平高的劳动者，因为有更高的预期收入，他们愿意在缺少帮助的情况下迁移到目的地；

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queries on the trips, trips can be queried by the grid trips information, including: number, origin, destination, departure date, out of time, fares.

对车次的查询，可以按照发车车次进行查询；车次信息包括：车号、出发地、目的地、发车日期、开出时刻、票价。

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with prior consensus from the consignees, customers at origin can choose the "bill consignee" option to have the related charges invoiced to the consignee accounts at destination.

在得到收件人事先的同意后，货件出发地的客户可以选择“收件人付款”选项，相关费用将由位于目的地的收件人来支付。

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