applying the rules of invalid civil act to negotiable instruments

ancient egyptian created gradually three categories calendar in production and life, namely, luni-stellar calendar, civil calendar, and lunar calendar.

古埃及人在生产和生活中逐步创立三种历法：阴星历、民用历和阴历。

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unjust enrichment in civil-law system, whose basic theory has almost consummated, originated in roman law and was inherited and developed in french civil law and german civil code and swiss debt law.

大陆法系不当得利制度起源于罗马法，经法国民法继承发展，至德国民法典和瑞士债务法，其基本理论体系已趋完善；

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first of all, starting from the roman law, as to violations of civil law as a debt due to the traditional legislative model is derived from roman law.

首先从罗马法入手，因为把侵权行为作为债因的大陆法系的传统立法模式正是源于罗马法。

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section 5 discusses compulsory system arrangement for performing debt obligations, including bankruptcy system, civil liability system, debt security system, and so on.

第五章从破产制度、民事责任制度和债的担保制度三个角度讨论旨在确保债务履行的强制性制度安排。

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civil law countries the debt relativity theory was first derived from the theory of roman law in the litigation.

大陆法系国家的债的相对性理论最早来源于罗马法中的诉讼理论。

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the civil liability and debt have undergone legislative evolvement from integration to separation.

民事责任与债经历了由融合到分离的立法体系演变；

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fees or charges payable pursuant to regulations made under subsection ( 1) may be recovered from the owner or demise charter in the district court as a civil debt.

根据第（1）款订立的规例所规定须征收的费用，均可作为民事债项，在地方法院向船东或转管租约承租人追讨。

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a charge or surcharge payable under this regulation shall be recoverable by the director as a civil debt due to the government.

根据本规例须缴付的收费或附加费，可作为欠政府的民事债项而由署长追讨。

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firstly, it analyzes the civil debt behavior, objective performance of robbery crime and objective characteristics of offence of extortion by blackmail.

首先分析论述了民事索债行为、抢劫罪的客观表现和敲诈勒索罪的客观特点。

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from the point of view of political participation, civil disorder is a manifestation of political participation to achieve the citizens' orderly political participation, is the correct response to mass emergencies inevitable choice.

从政治参与的角度分析，这是公民无序政治参与的一种表现，实现公民有序的政治参与，是正确应对群体性突发事件的必然选择。

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the separation of mediation and trial is the ideal way to deal with those civil disputes by courts.

调审分离是一种理想的以调解、审判来解决民事纠纷的司法形式。

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adr-alternative dispute resolution is an effective method by which nations of the world solve civil disputes at present.

ADR（诉讼外纠纷解决机制）是目前世界各国普遍采用的解决民事纠纷的有效手段。

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to settle civil disputes, pre-trial proceedings in civil actions is as important as trials.

审前程序对民事诉讼解决纠纷的目的的实现不亚于审判的重要作用。

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the arbitration, which is inseparable with the special cultural characteristic is one effective way of settling civil disputes.

仲裁是一种有效解决民事纠纷的方式，其发展与其文化特质密不可分。

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providing legal services about civil disputes, economic disputes, administrative mediations and non-litigation activities.

代理民事、经济纠纷、行政的调解及非诉讼活动。

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proper exercise of discretion is conducive to efficiently solve civil disputes and achieve fair trials.

法官正当行使其自由裁量权有助于高效解决民事纠纷，实现审判公正。

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arbitration organizations are organizations to resolve civil disputes and make an arbitral through arbitration.

仲裁机构是通过仲裁方式，解决双方民事争议，作出仲裁裁决的机构。

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people occasionally lose personal property in life. therefore, the civil disputes caused by lost property often happen.

拾得遗失物是生活中时常发生的事情，由此引起的民事纠纷也时有发生。

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the temples how to solve the inside civil disputes based on several cases in the tang song dynasty

寺院如何解决内部民事纠纷&基于唐宋时期几则案例的考察

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the contract to solve disputes in contract, that is, solving civil disputes by contract.

解决合同争议的合同，即通过合同解决民事争议。

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