The Downfall of the Northern Wei: After the death of Emperor Xiaowen's, the rulers of the Northern Wei gradually abandoned the peaceful ethnic polices and restored the privileges of Xianbei nobles. Therefore the new contradictions were there and the administration of the Northern Wei was dwindled.

In its early years, Pingcheng ( now Datong in Shanxi) served as the capital. After Emperor Xiaowen ascended to the throne, he removed the capital to Luoyang and vigorously promoted the learning of the Han culture. Therefore, the political center was brought to the central plain as well.

北魏前期以平城（今山西大同）为都，孝文帝大举实行汉化，政治中心也迁徙到中原腹地洛阳。

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In 493, Xiaowen moved his capital to Luoyang and took measures to reform traditional Xianbei customs, for example, the surname Tuoba of Xianbei clan was changed into Yuan, Dugu into Liu, Buliu Gu into Lu and Qiumu Ling into Mu.

公元493年孝文帝迁都洛阳，同时，孝文帝将鲜卑族拓跋姓氏改为元，独孤氏改姓刘氏，步六孤氏改姓陆氏，丘穆陵氏改姓穆氏等。

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Adapting to the historical trend, gearing with determination of his political and social pratice to Han people, Emperor Xiaowen's reformation was by no means negligible and he earned himself fame of brilliant statesman in Chinese history.

孝文帝顺应历史发展的趋势，放弃自己民族的旧俗，毅然地进行改革，对中国历史的发展作出了重要的贡献，不愧是中国历史上一位杰出的政治家。

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In 494, Emperor Xiaowen moved the Northern Wei capital from Pingcheng （ in modem Datong, Shanxi ） to Luoyang, a city long acknowledged as a major center in Chinese history.

494年，孝文帝将都城从平城（今山西大同）迁至了中国历史上一个重要的中心城市——洛阳。

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The formation and development of the policy discussions in the royal court affected the policies of Emperor Xiaowen's Reform and gave impetus to the reform from the beginning to the end.

朝议的形成和发展，影响了北魏孝文帝改革的决策，并能自始至终给改革提供动力支持。

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The population at the old capital remained fiercely conservative, while the population at Luoyang was much more eager to adopt Xiaowen's policies of sinicization.

旧都的人民依旧非常保守，而洛阳的人民则更乐于采纳孝文帝汉化的政策。

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Emperor Xiaowen implemented a drastic policy of sinicization, intending to centralize the government and make the multiethnic state more easy to govern.

孝文帝实施了彻底的汉化政策，想要使权力更加集中到中央政府并更好地管理这个多民族的国家。

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Their formation and development were somewhat related to both the historical changes in the early Northern Wei Dynasty and the active efforts of Emperor Xiaowen and his officials.

这种朝议的形成和发展，与北魏早期的历史变迁和孝文君臣的主观努力都有关系。

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Unfortunate for Emperor Xiaowen, his sinicization policies had their downsides----namely, he adopted the Jin Dynasty social stratification methods,

对于孝文帝来说不幸的是，他的汉化政策也存在副作用，换句话说，他采用了晋朝的社会分层法，

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Xiaowen told reporters said that with the development of the times the way of progress and communication with people's self-identity more clearly and more time in advance.

小文对记者说道，随着时代的发展和交流方式的进步，同人们对自我的认同更加明确而且在时间上也更加提前。

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By 497, Xiaowen had destroyed the conspiracies and forced Yuan Xun to commit suicide.

到497年，孝文帝摧毁了阴谋集团并赐元恂自缢。

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After Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern Wei Pingcheng period, this tomb figure style was established in XiaoWen reform.

这一新俑组合经十六国及北魏早期的继承发扬逐渐成熟，于孝文帝迁洛改制后更得以确立。

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Xiaowen Emperor strictly distinguished Qing officials and Zhuo officials in system after his moving the capital to Luoyang.

孝文帝迁都洛阳以后，在制度上严格了清、浊官的区分。

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Bai Xiaowen was a character in the novel Bailuyuan whose fate rose and fell dramatically.

白孝文是长篇小说《白鹿原》中又一个命运大起大落的人物。

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People like Xiaowen and many other disabled people in our country have taught us the importance of giving everybody a chance to receive education.

在我国像晓文和许多其他残疾人这样的人，使我们明白给每个人受教育的机会的重要性。

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Xiaowen looks just like all her classmates.

小文看起来就像她所有的同学一样。

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As for the old political practice, Emperor Xiaowen introduced the "three chiefs" system and the land equalisa-tion system.

孝文帝还实行三长制，颁布均田制，改革了鲜卑旧俗。

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In order to popularize the filial concept, Emperor Xiaowen took measures in five aspects.

为普及孝悌观念，孝文帝采取了五大方面的措施。

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It is difficult for Xiaowen to get around without a wheelchair.

他们觉得很难适应一个新国家的生活。

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Perhaps we should all listen to Xiaowen's advice.

或许我们都应该听一下小文的建议。

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