异姓

So study on Special Princes of Tang dynasty help us to understand the process of development and changing of Tang dynasty's political history.

因而，对唐代的异姓王进行研究，有助于更好地理解唐代的政治历史发展及其变动的过程。

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In my opinion, the Special Princes as a special group bring important influence on Tang dynasty's politics.

就笔者来看，唐代异姓王作为一个特殊的群体，是对唐代政治的发展产生重要影响的。

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Xiao Zhang and Xiao Wang became sworn brothers because of their affection.

小张和小王因为感情好而结拜为异姓兄弟.

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Although the number of the granting of Special Princes was prominent, it was given less attention in the past study on Special Princes of Tang dynasty.

但是，在过去的唐史研究中，对唐代异姓王的关注却较少。

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The study on Special Princes is an important question in political history of ancient china.

异姓王研究在中国古代政治史研究中是一个十分重要的课题。

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In aspect of microscopic operation, its development is closely related to fictitious kins high operation efficiency and low society cost while forming new society organizations.

中国古代社会的虚拟血缘关系，主要包括异姓兄弟和异姓父子两大类。

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From the perspective of a Confucian family ， marriage brings together families of different surnames and so continues the family line of the paternal clan.

从一个传统家庭角度出发，婚姻能联合异姓家族并且维系父系家族的延续。

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Subsequently, the Qing struggle for power among ethnic, imperial clan, surname as large force, leading to a large number of State family die, and thus into the long-term national political turmoil.

随后，卿族之间争权夺利，宗室、异姓势大逼君，导致大批卿族消亡，各国政局也因此陷入长期动乱。

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Political System and Policies ： When scrambling for sovereignty with Xiang Yu, Liu Bang enfieffed Han Xin, Ying Bu, Wu Rui and others as princes, who were known as kings who were not relative to the imperial family.

西汉初的制度和政策：刘邦在与项羽争夺天下的时候，曾封韩信、英布、吴芮等数人为王，史称“异姓王”。

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At the same time, the royal house intermarried with the ruling families of the fiefdoms and became related to those with different surnames.

同时皇室与大家族通婚，又将各种异姓势力联系在一起。

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Idea and System: On the Issue of Castrated Officials' Adopting Successors from Different Clans

观念与制度：宦官的异姓嗣子问题

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