Illuminated by the wood growing process, a novel grade-pervasion precipitation method was proposed to prepare chitosan rods with annual ring structure.

The city is the carrier of civilization, so the city is seen as the annual ring of the human civilization development.

城市是文明的载体，城市因此被视为人类文明发展的年轮。

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Response of Annual Ring Width of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Plantation to Climate Change

人工林樟子松生长轮宽度对气候变化的响应

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As a result, its margin on earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation has weakened to just under 50 per cent in the first half of 2011 from 54 per cent five years ago.

其结果是，2011年上半年，其息税折旧及摊销前利润（Ebitda）率已从5年前的54%降至50%以下。

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Adjusted earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation grew from$ 4m in 2011 to$ 825m in 2013, according to documents filed with the SEC.

其提交给美国证交会的文件显示，该公司调整后的税息折旧及摊销前利润（EBITDA）从2011年的400万美元增长至2013年的8.25亿美元。

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Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortisation ( ebitda) rose only 11.6 per cent because half of the company's new users were from rural areas, where people tend to spend less.

该公司全年未计利息、税项、折旧及摊销前的利润（EBITDA）仅增长11.6%，这是因为它有一半新用户来自农村地区，那里的人们往往开销较少。

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Underlying earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation a proxy for cash flow fell between 20 and 40 per cent from the second half of last year to the first half of this year.

从去年下半年到今年上半年，潜在的息税折旧及摊销前利润（ebitda）现金流的替代指标下滑了20%到40%。

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But its rivals are hardly stretched; the most extreme is NYSE Euronext with net debt worth just 1.6 times earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation.

但竞争对手们也并非手头拮据；就连最极端的纽约-泛欧交易所，其净债务水平也仅为息税折旧及摊销前利润（EBITDA）的1.6倍。

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In the slump that followed the collapse of Lehman Brothers, net debt averaged 4 times earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation for the Hong Kong-listed groups.

雷曼兄弟（Lehman Brothers）倒闭后的萧条期，在港上市内地房企的净债务平均为税息折旧及摊销前利润的（EBITDA）的四倍；如今，这一比例已降为两倍，财务状况可控程度大大提高。

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Profit margins, measured by earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation as a percentage of revenue, have declined to 5 per cent from 7 per cent five years ago.

根据息税折旧及摊销前利润（EBITDA）占收入的比例计算，嘉吉的利润率已从5年前的7%下滑至5%。

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Add in higher profits and the ratio of net debt to earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation has fallen from a precarious 5 to a safer 1.2.

加之利润提高，净债务与息税折旧及摊销前收益的比率从危险的5降至较为安全的1.2。

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The company had revenues of around$ 600m in 2014-15, and earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation of just under$ 60m.

2014-15财年，该公司营收约6亿美元，息税折旧及摊销前利润（Ebitda）略低于6000万美元。

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Even allowing for its £ 425m of net debt – 3.9 times 2011 earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation – there is value in Manchester United.

即使曼联的债务净额达到4.25亿英镑&是其2011年息税折旧及摊销前利润（EBITDA）的3.9倍，它仍有投资价值。

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The price is more salon than supermarket, at almost 15 times earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation for the past fiscal year to June.

然而收购价格却更像美发店，而不是超市&几乎是截至6月份的上一财年息税折旧及摊销前收益（EBITDA）的15倍。

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Companies were leveraged heavily, with as much as seven times net debt to earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation ( EBITDA).

这些公司的杠杆率很高，净负债与利息、税项、折旧和摊销前利润（ebitda）之比高达7倍。

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Cash from operations has been growing for three consecutive years, and net debt is a manageable 1.6 times earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation.

其营运现金已连续三年实现增长，净负债为息税折旧及摊销前利润（ebitda）的1.6倍，处于可控水平。

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Negative amortisation mortgages even let people pay only part of their interest each month and to add the rest to the principal, increasing their debt, not their savings.

负分期付款贷款甚至让人们只付每个月的一部分利息，然后把其它的加到本金里。这是增加他们的债务，而不是储蓄。

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Adjusted earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation were$ 302m, down 3.9 per cent from a year ago.

永利澳门调整后的税息折旧及摊销前利润（EBITDA）达到3.02亿美元，比上年同期下降3.9%。

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Before amortisation and synergies, the combined group, including four months'contribution from TPG, is expected to achieve revenue of$ 469 million.

之前，摊销及协同作用，联合组，包括四个月的贡献从。TPG，可望实现收入四万六千九百点○○万美元。

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Kraft is also offering an enterprise value of 13 times 2009 earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation, below recent big food industry deals.

此外，卡夫对吉百利企业价值（EV）的估值为2009年利息、税项、折旧及摊销前利润（ebitda）的13倍，低于近来食品业重大交易的水平。

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Aggregate earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation still equate to a whopping 44 per cent of sales.

采矿业的利息、税项、折旧与摊销前利润（ebitda）总额占销售收入的比例仍高达44%。

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