A general principle that charges for making payments must be related to the transactions' actual costs would both end some abuses and stimulate use of the cost-effective debit card system.

Both Mr Williamson and Ms Ostrom have built on Mr Coase's idea that all transactions have costs but that these costs will be minimised by different institutional arrangements in different situations.

威廉姆森和奥斯特罗姆的理论都是基于科斯所有交易都有成本的思想，并且认为这些成本在不同的情况下能经由合适的机制安排而减到最小。

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Having a smaller number of currencies is a phenomenon that makes a lot of sense economically, economising on transactions' costs and leveraging economies of scale.

货币的种类减少，是一种具有重大经济学意义的现象，可以节省交易成本并利用规模效益。

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In the presence of transactions costs, the arbitrage argument used by Black-Scholes to price option no longer can be used: because continuous trading would be ruinously expensive, no matter how small transactions costs might be as a percentage of turnover.

Black-scholes的理论是在无市场摩擦的状况下得到的，如果存在交易费用，上述讨论不再有效，无论交易费用多么小，连续的头寸调整也会带来巨额的交易成本。

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High transactions costs are the main impediment standing in the way of a systematic shift from informal to formal mechanisms for managing and pooling risk for poorer households and small entrepreneurs.

高额的交易成本是对贫困家庭和小型企业进行风险管理和防范时，保险体制从非正式险种向正式险种转移过程中的主要障碍。

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And the market microstructure is determined by three parameters-the inter-temporal discount rate, the per unit transactions costs of the pure intermediary and the most efficient dealer.

市场的微观结构决定于三个参数&跨期替代率、纯粹中介单位交易量的交易成本与最有效率的套利中间人单位交易量的成本。

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"Between-the-border" improvements in trade facilitation infrastructure and institutions to decrease transactions costs, such as customs administration, transport and communications.

对贸易便利化基础设施和机制进行“边境间的”改进，以降低交易成本，例如改进海关管理、交通和通讯。

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And the transactions costs include all of the costs taken place in the no-material-producing in which minimizing the costs is the standard of behavior.

根据康芒斯和米塞斯的定义，人与人之间的有意义的行动即是交易行为，交易成本则包括一切不直接发生在物质生产过程中的成本，成本最小是其行为准则。

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That means higher transactions costs for Chinese companies, too, compared to traditional cross-border trade in dollars.

这对于中国公司而言，意味着比传统的美元交易要付出更高的交易成本。

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Transactions costs are also not included.

交易费用同样并无计算在内。

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As the presence of transactions costs, deviations from purchase power parity ( PPP) may follow a nonlinear process that is mean reverting.

由于存在交易成本，偏离购买力平价可能呈非线性的均值回复特性。

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Nonetheless, in some situations, transactions costs are sufficiently low so that the efficient bargain can be struck.

尽管如此，在某些情况下，交易成本相当低，所以有效率的交易是可以达到的。

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I say, let the trampling begin!

我是说，让盛宴开始吧！

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Earthquake is trampling one city to ashes.

地震将一座城池夷为灰烬。

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Nowadays, the disturbing factors mainly include tourism, trampling and forestation.

现阶段的干扰因子主要是旅游、践踏和植树造林。

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Faith must trample under foot all reason, sense, and understanding.

信仰必将一切动机、理性和谅解踏于足下。

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Study of Livestock Feeding and Trampling Track in Xinjiang Mountain Grassland

新疆山地草原牲畜采食践踏路迹研究

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And are profit motives trampling on human ones among executives?

而利润动机是否正在践踏高管的人性？

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The heavy trample and mowing could reduce the stability of community.

重度践踏和修剪极大地降低了群落的稳定性，因此要尽量避免。

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Risk Analysis of Crowd Trample Disaster and Its Prevention

人群拥挤踩踏事故的风险分析及预防控制

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I'm not gonna have people come trampling all over my home.

我不会让别人来肆意践踏我的家。

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