The global imbalances and large currency swings in recent years, and the accelerated accumulation of official dollar holdings by countries that have essentially reverted to fixed exchange rates, replicate the conditions that led to both the creation of SDR and the negotiations on an account.

Officials recall that those countries that suffered most in 2008-9 were those with fixed exchange rates; those that allowed their currencies to fall, such as Poland, rode the recession by promoting exports and reducing imports.

政府官员回忆道，在2008年至2009年损失最大的国家都是那些固定汇率国家；允许本国汇率贬值的国家（例如波兰）则凭借促进出口和减少进口度过了衰退期。

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Large official purchases of gold in the hundreds of tonnes have not been seen since 1965, prior to the collapse of the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates linked to the gold price.

自各国货币以固定汇率与黄金挂钩的布雷顿森林体系崩溃前的1965年以来，就没有出现过官方大规模购买黄金（以数百吨计）的现象。

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Several have talked grandly of a sequel to the1944 Bretton Woods conference, which created the post-war system of fixed exchange rates and established the International Monetary Fund and World Bank.

有些人把这次会议夸张地比作为1944年布雷顿会议的续集，那次会议上确定了固定汇率制，建立了国际货币基金组织（IMF）和世界银行，构建了战后金融体系。

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But economic history is littered with examples of fixed exchange rates that came unfixed; the disuniting of currency unions, though rarer, happens from time to time.

然而，经济史不乏这样的先例：固定汇率不再固定，货币联盟解体，虽然越来越少见，但时不时就会发生。

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Since the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates collapsed in 1971, some of the most high-profile attempts at global co-ordination have involved trying to stabilise major currencies.

自从1971年布雷顿森林体系（Bretton Woods）之下的固定汇率制度崩溃以来，全球在协同经济方面所做的尝试中，最引人瞩目的一些举措都涉及稳定主要货币汇率。

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Throughout most of the 19th century, and for part of the 20th century, the world economy operated on a quite rigorous system of fixed exchange rates, known as the Gold Standard.

在整个十九世纪和二十世纪部分时期，世界经济是基于一种严格的固定汇率制度来运作的。

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Then this part of the system of fixed exchange rates and floating exchange rate system, the variables needed to test models were constructed, in which the data source and processing of a particular description.

接着本部分对固定汇率制度下和浮动汇率制度下所需要进行检验的各个变量分别构建了模型，其中对数据的来源及处理进行了特别的说明。

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It would be better, goes the argument, to choose between irrevocably fixed exchange rates ( or, better still, dollarisation) and freely floating rates.

这种观点认为，最好在完全的固定汇率（或者更好是实行美元化）和自由浮动汇率两者间选择。

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The ideas that defined the golden age of market capitalism were formed in the vacuum left by the collapse of the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates in 1971.

这些定义市场资本主义黄金时代的理念，是在1971年布雷顿森林体系（bretton woods system）的固定汇率崩溃后所留下的真空上建立起来的。

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Fixed exchange rates have mostly been consigned to the history books, with the main exception of China which keeps the renminbi on a tight leash.

固定汇率基本上已成为历史，中国是一个主要的例外，还对人民币汇率进行严格控制。

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But the Baltic states are all grimly hanging on to their pegs fixed exchange rates with the euro.

但波罗的海国家死也不放弃钉住欧元的固定汇率政策。

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Since the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates in 1973, exchange rates between major currencies have displayed large fluctuations.

从1973年布雷顿森林体系崩溃以来，各主要国家货币之间的汇率波动十分剧烈。汇率波动呈现出与股票等资产的价格相同的特点，这启发人们将汇率看成是一种资产价格。

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The conference at Bretton Woods also resulted in agreement to maintain fixed exchange rates between nations, but this has since been abandoned.

布雷顿森林会议的与会者们还同意在各国之间保持固定的外汇比价，但这一计划后来又放弃了。

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Before the Depression, most countries had been on the gold standard, which had fixed exchange rates in terms of the yellow metal.

在大萧条（the Depression）之前，多数国家都实行金本位，也就是货币与黄金的兑换率固定。

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Thus, the gold standard resulted in a system of fixed exchange rates among participating nations.

因此，金本位制导致各参与国之间形成固定汇率制。

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The conference rebuilt the economic order by creating a system of fixed exchange rates.

会议创建的一项固定汇率体系重新确立了经济秩序。

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Fixed exchange rates were once the rule for developing countries.

以前发展中国家必须实行固定汇率。

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For example under fixed exchange rates, if an export market collapses, the adverse impact is transmitted fully to the domestic economy.

举例来说，在固定汇率制度下，如果一个出口市场崩溃，国内经济就会经受全部的打击。

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The equivalent in value of a sum of money expressed in terms of a different currency at a fixed, official rate of exchange.

等值用不同种货币以一个固定的官方交换汇率表示的一定货币的等量价值。

provided by jukuu

Although, current economic environment in China can partially satisfy the supposing condition of the model ( classic M& F model) under fixed rate of exchange system, it is certain to have good effect to execute prudent monetary policy.

虽然，我国目前的经济环境只能部分满足固定汇率制下的模型（经典M-F模型）所假设的条件，但稳健货币政策的实施应当是有一定效果的。

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