After nine years of scanning the sky, the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP) space mission has concluded its observations of the cosmic microwave background, the oldest light in the universe.

Based on the discovery of an IR background in the waveband 2-5 μ m and pregalactic stars, we discuss the effect of the 3K cosmic microwave background spectrum from dusts of various models.

基于新发现的2&5μm的红外背景和星系前星，我们讨论了各种模型的尘埃对3K宇宙微波背景谱所产生的影响。

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By observing the interaction of the X-rays with the cosmic microwave background ( CMB), which is leftover radiation from the Big Bang, scientists can study the movement of clusters.

通过观察X射线跟宇宙微波背景的相互作用，科学家们可以研究星系团的运动情况。宇宙微波背景指宇宙大爆炸时留下来的辐射。

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The X-rays scatter photons in the CMB, shifting its temperature in an effect known as the kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich ( SZ) effect.

X射线将光子散播在宇宙微波背景中，结果在一种被称为“运动学SZ效应”的作用下改变了宇宙微波背景的温度。

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On the other hand, recent discoveries of the gigantic structures in the universe, such as the Great Wall, the Great Attractor and the periodic distribution of redshift of galaxies, seriously challenge the standard view of cosmic model.

同时对宇宙中物质大尺度结构探索中的新发现，例如宇宙长城、巨大吸引物、星系红移分布的周期性等，又对标准的宇宙学模型提出了严峻的挑战。

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A number of quasars with redshift Z> 4 have been discovered in recent years, which provide important constraints to theoretical models for the large scale structure evolution of the universe and the formation of galaxies at early time.

近年来发现了一批Z>4的类星体，这些高红移类星体使人们对早期宇宙中的大尺度结构演化和星系形成的理论模型提出了新的观点。

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So, we can use quasars probing the early Universe and large& scale structure of the universe.

因此，我们可以用类星体来探测早期宇宙和宇宙大尺度结构。

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Large scale nonlinear structures in the universe

宇宙中大尺度非线性结构

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No matter what direction we choose in order to obtain information about the large-scale structure of the universe, we obtain the same answer as for any other direction.

为了获得宇宙的大尺度结构的信息，无论我们选择什么方向，我们所得到的答案对任何其它方向都是一样适用的。

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Well, the problem with the large-scale structure of the universe is that it's horribly complicated.

但是对于宇宙的大尺度结构，问题是它复杂得可怕。

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On the Upper Cut-Off of the Large Scale Fractal Structure in the Universe

宇宙大尺度分形结构的上限

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The Large-scale Structure of the Universe

宇宙的大尺度结构

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There are two modes for the evolution of the large-scale structures in the universe: small to large and large to small cosmogonies, which would be alternately, but progressively, adopted.

宇宙大尺度结构形成有两种模式，由小到大与由大到小。

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The formation of the large-scale structures in the universe is closely related to that of individual galaxies.

宇宙大尺度结构的形成与星系形成密切相关。

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Two-Component Distribution in the Large-Scale Structure of the Universe

宇宙大尺度结构中的双成份分布

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Formation of Galaxies and Large Scale Structures in the Universe

星系形成与宇宙大尺度结构

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An united approach of the large scale structure of a closed universe and local spherically symmetric gravitation field is given by supposing an appropriate boundary condition.

通过假定一个适当的边界条件，给出描述宇宙大尺度结构及局部球对称引力场的统一处理。

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The Investigation on Large Scale Structure in the Universe after COBE

COBE以后宇宙大尺度结构的研究

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One method looks for the effects of sound waves which originated in the Big Bang: baryon-acoustic oscillations ( Bao).

其中一种方法在寻找起源于宇宙大爆炸的音波效应：重子声学振荡（bao）。

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We constrain these three models by using the type la supernovae, the cosmic microwave background, and the baryon acoustic oscillations data, then compare them utilizing the Bayesian evidence.

我们用Ia型超新星、宇宙微波背景和重子声学振荡的数据，对这三种模型进行了限制，并以Bayesian判据为标准，对它们进行了比较。

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The answer is crucial to understanding the processes at play in low-mass stars and giant planets and the differences between them.

这个答案对于理解低质量恒星和巨行星的形成过程，以及它们之间的差异，至为关键。

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